Case Study: Skilled Labor Shortage Delays San Francisco Bay Bridge Retrofit (2018)

Project Overview
• Name: San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge East Span Seismic Retrofit
• Location: San Francisco, California
• Year: 2018
• Project Size: $6.5 billion (overall project), retrofit phase $850 million
• Scope: Seismic retrofit and replacement of eastern span, including complex cable and steel work
• Lead Agencies/Contractors: Caltrans /

Category of the Issue, Problem, or Challenge
• Skilled Labor Shortage
• Workforce Management

Summary of the Issue, Problem, or Challenge
The project experienced critical delays due to a shortage of certified structural steel welders and high-skilled ironworkers, especially those qualified for complex seismic detailing. Local labor market demand outpaced supply, limiting available crews.

Root Cause Analysis

• High regional construction activity competing for same skilled trades.
• Limited apprenticeship pipeline for specialized welding certifications.
• Insufficient contractor-led early recruitment and training programs.
• Project schedule compressed without realistic labor availability assumptions.

Impacts Due to the Issue, Problem, or Challenge
• 7-month delay in steel erection and welding activities.
• Increased labor premiums and overtime costs exceeded $5.2 million.
• Project risk profile updated to reflect workforce constraints, affecting funding allocations.

Corrective Actions Taken

1. Contractor initiated targeted recruiting from other states and offered relocation incentives.
2. Joint venture partners collaborated with local unions to fast-track training and certification programs.
3. Caltrans adjusted schedules to allow phased steel delivery aligned with workforce availability.

Lessons Learned

• Skilled labor availability is a critical risk on high-complexity structural projects.
• Early, proactive recruitment and training partnerships mitigate labor shortages.
• Project schedules must realistically account for regional skilled labor capacity.

Audit & Prevention: Project Control Questions to Ask on Future Projects to Help Control the Situation

• Has the project team assessed skilled labor availability at preconstruction?
• Are partnerships in place to expand apprenticeship and certification pipelines?
• Is the project schedule flexible to accommodate labor supply fluctuations?